The European Union, Germany, the Netherlands and Greece joined Pax Silica, the U.S.-led initiative to build China-free supply chains for semiconductors, AI infrastructure and critical minerals, at the opening of a summit in Washington on June 23, the Financial Times reported the same day.

Pax Silica was launched in December 2025 as part of a U.S. effort to reduce reliance on China across semiconductors, critical minerals and energy. Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the United Kingdom and Australia are founding members. The European Union was left out, with Washington citing regulatory divergences over the AI Act and Digital Markets Act, while a France-led group of member states postponed the opening of accession talks in March over governance and U.S. terms. Concerns reportedly centered on the degree of operational control Washington would retain over membership criteria, supply-chain screening decisions and the conditions under which signatories could be required to align export controls with U.S. policy.