Iraqi Kurdish women in the northern city of Kirkuk show their support for a referendum on independence. The non-binding vote, initiated by veteran Kurdish leader Massud Barzani, angered not only Baghdad but Turkey and Iran, countries concerned about separatist aspirations among their own sizeable Kurdish minorities.
In June 1919, aboard an Allied warship en route to Paris, sat Damat Ferid Pasha, the Grand Vizier of a crumbling Ottoman Empire. The elderly statesman, donning an iconic red fez and boasting an impeccably groomed mustache, held in his hands a memorandum that he was to present to the Allied powers at the Quai d'Orsay. The negotiations on postwar reparations started five months earlier, but the Ottoman delegation was prepared to make the most of its tardy invitation to the talks. As he journeyed across the Mediterranean that summer toward the French shore, Damat Ferid mentally rehearsed the list of demands he would make to the Allied powers during his last-ditch effort to hold the empire together.
