As regional countries jockey for influence in Afghanistan, a surge in cyberespionage, a flurry of influence and information operations, and the exploitation of databases and hardware left after the U.S. withdrawal can be expected. China, Iran, Pakistan, and Russia all are very likely to carry out various forms of cyberespionage against Taliban government and private targets, and to exploit the Taliban takeover in cyber influence and information campaigns to portray the United States and the West more broadly as incapable and untrustworthy. The Taliban will seek to take advantage of valuable information and databases left by the prior government to target opposition and enforce cyber-repression, possibly with the help of foreign countries. Some U.S. military equipment left behind could have intelligence value and/or digital vulnerabilities that foreign countries, principally China or Russia, could exploit.