Saudi Arabia and Turkey are set to pragmatically deepen their relationship in the coming years as they increasingly cooperate across the Levant, the Red Sea and East Africa, but structural constraints will likely put an upper limit on the scale of their partnership. On Feb. 3, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan visited Saudi Arabia to deepen bilateral cooperation after months of renewed diplomatic outreach. During meetings with Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in Riyadh, the two sides signed multiple agreements and issued a joint statement committing to enhancing cooperation in investment, energy, defense and other areas, including plans for significant Saudi investment in Turkish renewable energy projects alongside defense industry collaboration. Both governments also reiterated their intention to activate previously concluded agreements and expand coordination on regional security issues, notably in Syria, Yemen, Sudan and Somalia.