Previously, Russia relied on two separate routes to supply and rotate its forces in Transdniestria: an overland route through Ukraine and airlifts to Chisinau in Moldova proper, from where Russian forces were allowed to cross into Transdniestria over land. The land route through Ukraine has been closed for more than a year, and on June 8, Ukraine formalized its withdrawal from the agreement with Russia that allowed the use of this land route. The Moldovan route is unreliable at best; Moldova has not recognized the breakaway state of Transdniestria and obviously has concerns about Russian forces there. Even though a small peacekeeping force including Moldovan, Transdniestrian and Russian forces is present in the breakaway territory, some troops in the Russian contingent have been turned away after arriving in Chisinau. For now, these limitations on logistical support have not cut off the Russian forces in Transdniestria.