Disruptions to North African grain imports via the Black Sea will fuel near-term supplier substitutions and long-term efforts to boost domestic production, though increased fiscal pressure will likely push North African countries to pivot back to Black Sea imports if they resume reliably, keeping them dependent on grain imports. Ukrainian attacks targeting Russian shipping in the Sea of Azov and Black Sea, as well as Russia's retaliatory strikes against Ukrainian grain terminals, port infrastructure and vessels, have substantially decreased Ukrainian and Russian grain exports and, in turn, spiked global prices. North African countries that overall heavily rely on food imports, including cereal imports, are exposed to the Russian and Ukrainian supply chain disruptions to varying degrees.